About Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, Spring Steel, and Cast Iron
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About Tool Steel
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Rotary Shafts
Combine these general purpose drive shafts with gears, sprockets, and bearings to transmit rotary motion. All are turned, precision ground, and polished to meet tight diameter and straightness tolerances. This means these shafts evenly distribute loads, reduce vibration, and improve accuracy and stability.
Steel shafts are generally stronger than stainless steel shafts but not as corrosion resistant. Carbon steel shafts balance high strength and good machinability, making them ideal for general purpose use.
Shafts with chamfered edges reduce damage to bearings, housings, and other components during installation.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
| Lg. | Lg. Tolerance | Straightness Tolerance | Edge Type | Hardness Rating | Hardness | Each | |
Inch—1045 Carbon Steel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 3/16" Dia. (Tolerance: -0.002" to 0") | |||||||
| 12" | -0.062" to 0.062" | 0.012" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 197 | 0000000 | 000000 |
| 24" | -0.062" to 0.062" | 0.012" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 197 | 0000000 | 00000 |
| 36" | -0.062" to 0.062" | 0.012" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 197 | 0000000 | 00000 |
| 48" | -0.062" to 0.062" | 0.012" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 197 | 0000000 | 00000 |
| 72" | -0.062" to 0.062" | 0.012" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 197 | 0000000 | 000000 |
Keyed Rotary Shafts
Combine these shafts with a machine key (not included) to transmit torque to gears, sprockets, and other power transmission components. All have an ANSI standard keyway (keys not included; see our selection of key stock). Their edges are chamfered to remove sharp corners, reducing damage to bearings, housings, and other components during installation. All are turned, ground, or polished to tight diameter and straightness tolerances.
Steel shafts are generally stronger than aluminum and stainless steel shafts but not as corrosion resistant. 1045 carbon steel shafts balance high strength and good machinability, making them ideal for general purpose use.
Stainless steel shafts are more corrosion resistant than steel shafts but also more difficult to machine. 304 stainless steel shafts have good corrosion resistance. 316 stainless steel shafts have excellent corrosion resistance.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Keyway | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lg. | Lg. | Wd. | Dp. | ANSI Keys Included | Straightness Tolerance | Edge Type | Hardness Rating | Hardness | Each | |
Inch—1045 Carbon Steel | ||||||||||
1 3/16" Dia. (Tolerance: -0.0025" to 0") | ||||||||||
| 3" | 3" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 6" | 6" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 9" | 9" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 12" | 12" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 18" | 18" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 24" | 24" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 36" | 36" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 48" | 48" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 60" | 60" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 72" | 72" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B95 | 00000000 | 000000 |
Inch—304 Stainless Steel | ||||||||||
1 3/16" Dia. (Tolerance: -0.0025" to 0") | ||||||||||
| 12" | 12" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 24" | 24" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 36" | 36" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 48" | 48" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 60" | 60" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 72" | 72" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
Inch—316 Stainless Steel | ||||||||||
1 3/16" Dia. (Tolerance: -0.0025" to 0") | ||||||||||
| 12" | 12" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 24" | 24" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 36" | 36" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 48" | 48" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 60" | 60" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 72" | 72" | 0.25" | 1/8" | No | 0.013" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell B85 | 00000000 | 000000 |
Partially Keyed Rotary Shafts
These shafts have keyways only on the ends, leaving a plain shaft in the center. The keyways work with the included ANSI machine keys to transmit torque to gears, sprockets, and other keyed components. Use the middle of the shaft with bearings and other round-bore components. The edges are chamfered to remove sharp corners, reducing damage to bearings, housings, and other components during installation. All are turned, ground, and polished to meet tight diameter and straightness tolerances.
1045 carbon steel shafts are stronger than 303 stainless steel shafts. They have excellent machinability, so you can easily cut your own lengths.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
| Lg. | Keyway Lgs. | ANSI Keys Included | Dia. Tolerance | Lg. Tolerance | Straightness Tolerance | Edge Type | Hardness Rating | Hardness | Each | |
Inch—1045 Carbon Steel | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 3/16" Dia. (Keyway: 1/4" Wd. × 1/8" Dp.) | ||||||||||
| 24" | 4", 14" | One 2" Long Key, One 4" Long Key | -0.002" to 0" | 0" to 0.125" | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 190 | 00000000 | 0000000 |
| 36" | 4", 14" | One 2" Long Key, One 4" Long Key | -0.002" to 0" | 0" to 0.125" | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 190 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 48" | 4", 14" | One 2" Long Key, One 4" Long Key | -0.002" to 0" | 0" to 0.125" | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 190 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 60" | 4", 14" | One 2" Long Key, One 4" Long Key | -0.002" to 0" | 0" to 0.125" | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 190 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 72" | 4", 14" | One 2" Long Key, One 4" Long Key | -0.002" to 0" | 0" to 0.125" | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Brinell 190 | 00000000 | 000000 |
Keyed Rotary Shafts with Material Certification
In addition to diameter tolerances that are twice as tight as standard keyed shafts, these shafts include a traceable lot number and test report. Use them with machine keys (not included) to transmit torque to gears, sprockets, and other power transmission components. Shafts are 1045 carbon steel, a general purpose shafting material that balances high strength and good machinability. The edges are chamfered to remove sharp corners, reducing damage to bearings, housings, and other components during installation. All are turned, ground, and polished to meet tight diameter and straightness tolerances.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Keyway | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lg. | Lg. Tolerance | Lg. | Wd. | Dp. | ANSI Keys Included | Straightness Tolerance | Edge Type | Hardness Rating | Hardness | Each | |
Inch—1045 Carbon Steel | |||||||||||
1 3/16" Dia. (Tolerance: -0.001" to 0") | |||||||||||
| 12" | -0.005" to 0.005" | 12" | 0.25" | 0.125" | No | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell C14 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 24" | -0.005" to 0.005" | 24" | 0.25" | 0.125" | No | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell C14 | 00000000 | 00000 |
| 36" | -0.005" to 0.005" | 36" | 0.25" | 0.125" | No | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell C14 | 00000000 | 000000 |
| 48" | -0.005" to 0.005" | 48" | 0.25" | 0.125" | No | 0.003" per ft. | Chamfered | Medium | Rockwell C14 | 00000000 | 000000 |
Low-Carbon Steel Rods and Discs
- Yield Strength: See table
- Hardness: See table
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: See table
- Fabrication: See table
- Specifications Met: See table
Also known as mild steel, low-carbon steel is easy to machine, form, and weld. It's widely fabricated into low-strength fasteners, pins, and axles. You can surface harden this material for added wear resistance. All have been manufactured to meet ASTM standards for quality and performance.
Cold-worked rods and discs have a finished look and quality. The cold-working process gives the steel consistent strength, hardness, and dimensions throughout.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
High-Strength Easy-to-Machine 1144 Carbon Steel Rods
- Yield Strength: 100,000 psi
- Hardness:
Inch sizes: Rockwell C25 (Hard)
Metric sizes: Rockwell C19 (Medium) - Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Not Rated
- Fabrication: Cold Drawn
- Specifications Met: ASTM A108, ASTM A311
Made with more carbon and manganese than other easy-to-machine carbon steels, 1144 carbon steel has a higher yield strength and hardness. Also known as Stressproof, these rods are stress-relieved to minimize warping during machining. Use them to fabricate parts that require stress resistance, such as gears, shafts, and bushings. For added wear resistance, these rods can be surface hardened with heat treating. All meet ASTM A108 and ASTM A311 standards for quality and performance.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
Tight-Tolerance Easy-to-Machine W1 Tool Steel Rods
- Yield Strength: 50,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell B95 (Medium)
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Rockwell C65
- Specifications Met: ASTM A686
These rods, also called drill rod, are ground and held to strict diameter and straightness tolerances. They are ready to be turned in a lathe. With lower amounts of alloy elements than other tool steels, W1 offers excellent machinability. This water-hardening material is often used for hammers, files, taps, and reamers. These rods are decarb-free for a uniform surface that will consistently accept heat treating.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
Tight-Tolerance Multipurpose Oil-Hardening O1 Tool Steel Rods
- Yield Strength: 50,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell B90 (Medium)
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment:
Inch sizes: Rockwell C65
Metric sizes: Rockwell C62 - Specifications Met: ASTM A681
Ready for turning in a lathe, these rods are precision ground to a tight diameter tolerance. They’re also known as drill rod. Often used for dies, punches, and gauges, O1 tool steel is an oil-hardening material that resists wear and abrasion.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
Multipurpose 304 Stainless Steel
From cookware to chemical-processing equipment, 304 stainless steel is a good all-around choice for a wide range of applications. It maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1500° F.
304/304L stainless steel contains less carbon than standard 304 for better weldability.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: 30,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell B75 (Medium)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met: ASTM A276
- Yield Strength: 30,000 psi
- Hardness: Not Rated
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met: ASTM A276
To Order: Please specify length in increments of 0.25" within the range listed.
| Dia. | Dia. Tolerance | Fabrication | Choose a Length | Per Inch | |
| 1 3/16" | -0.006" to 0.006" | Cold Worked | 13"-90" | 0000000 | 00000 |
Easy-to-Machine 303 Stainless Steel
Widely used for fabricating fittings and fasteners, 303 stainless steel machines quickly without sticking to cutting tools. It maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1500° F.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: 25,000 psi
- Hardness:
Inch Sizes: Rockwell B77 (Medium)
Metric Sizes: Rockwell B85 (Medium) - Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met:
Inch Sizes: ASTM A582
Metric Sizes: EN 10088-3
Tight-Tolerance Easy-to-Machine 303 Stainless Steel
This material has tighter tolerances than standard 303 stainless steel. Widely used for fabricating fittings and fasteners, 303 stainless steel machines quickly without sticking to cutting tools. It maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1500° F.
Rods are precision ground and held to a strict straightness tolerance, so they are ready for turning in a lathe.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: 35,000 psi
- Hardness: See Table
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met: ASTM A582, SAE AMS5640
High-Strength 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
With a higher chromium content than 15-5 PH stainless steel, this high-strength 17-4 PH offers better corrosion resistance. It is also known as 630 stainless steel. This material maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1100° F.
If you don't see the rod size you're looking for, please specify a length under additional rod lengths.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: Not Rated
- Hardness: Rockwell C30 (Hard)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Rockwell C45
- Specifications Met: ASTM A564, SAE AMS5643
- Yield Strength: Not Rated
- Hardness: Rockwell C30 (Hard)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Rockwell C45
- Specifications Met: ASTM A564, SAE AMS5643
To Order: Please specify length in increments of 0.125" within the range listed.
| Dia. | Dia. Tolerance | Fabrication | Straightness Tolerance | Magnetic Properties | Choose a Length | Per Inch | |
| 1 3/16" | -0.003" to 0.003" | Cold Drawn | 1/16" per 5 ft. | Magnetic | 13"-90" | 000000000 | 00000 |
Corrosion-Resistant 316 Stainless Steel
The addition of molybdenum gives 316 stainless steel excellent corrosion resistance. Use it in a variety of marine and chemical-processing applications. It maintains its corrosion resistance up to the maximum temperature.
316/316L stainless steel contains less carbon than standard 316 for better weldability.
If you don’t see the rod size you’re looking for, please specify a length under additional rod lengths.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength:
Inch Sizes: 30,000 psi
Metric Sizes: 29,000 psi - Hardness:
Inch Sizes: Rockwell B75 (Medium)
Metric Sizes: Rockwell B80 (Medium) - Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met:
Inch Sizes: ASTM A276
- Yield Strength: 30,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell B75 (Medium)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met: ASTM A276
To Order: Please specify length in increments of 0.125" within the range listed.
| Dia. | Dia. Tolerance | Fabrication | Max. Temp., °F | Straightness Tolerance | Choose a Length | Per Inch | |
316/316L Stainless Steel  | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 3/16" | -0.003" to 0.003" | Cold Worked | 1500° | 1/8" per 5 ft. | 13"-90" | 000000000 | 00000 |
Easy-to-Machine 416 Stainless Steel
One of the most machinable types of stainless steel available, 416 contains sulfur for fast machining without clogging cutting tools. It's used for gears, screws, and shafts. This material maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1200° F.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: 40,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell B80 (Medium)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Rockwell C35
- Specifications Met: ASTM A582, SAE AMS5610, ASTM A484
Bearing-Quality 440C Stainless Steel
One of the hardest types of stainless steel after heat treating, 440C offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance. It’s often used for bearings, valves, and knife blades. This material maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 800° F.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.
- Yield Strength: 65,000 psi
- Hardness: Rockwell C20 (Hard)
- Heat Treatment: Annealed (Softened)
- Heat Treatable: Yes
- Max. Hardness After Heat Treatment: Rockwell C60
- Specifications Met: ASTM A276, SAE AMS5630
Ultra-Machinable 360 Brass Rods and Discs
- Yield Strength:
Inch sizes: 15,000 psi
Metric sizes: 23,000 psi - Hardness: See table
- Temper:
Inch sizes: H02 (1/2 Hard)
Metric sizes: 1/2 Hard - Heat Treatable: No
- Specifications Met:
Inch sizes: ASTM B16
Metric sizes: European Standard EN 12164
With the highest lead content of all the brass alloys, 360 offers the best machinability. Often called free-machining and free-cutting brass, it stands up to high-speed drilling, milling, and tapping operations with minimal wear on your tools. It’s commonly used for gears, pinions, and lock components.
For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number.
Certificates with a traceable lot number are available for these products. Download certificates from ORDER HISTORY after your order ships.